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Some examples are already included in the preceding table; the internal energy flow in com- panies and value networks will be explained in Chapter 13 (Accounting- Energy Reviews).
A lot of energy-related processes are cross-functional or even relate to other companies in the supply chain or value network.
• Comparisons with companies of the group and partners in a supply chain or value network.
LCA and Value Networks
Limits of system Explanation cradle-to-gate Product life cycle from mining of raw material to the output gate of the own company. cradle-to-grave (sometimes called "womb-to-tomb") the whole life cycle from mining to disposal and dumping or recycling. gate-to-gate From the own input gate to the output gate. thus, the company's internal operations. gate-to-grave From the company's output gate over subsequent production steps at other companies, including the use of products and their disposal. cradle-to-cradle Similar to cradle-to-grave with the emphasis not on disposal and dumping but on recycling. the aim of closed-loop value networks is expressed.
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